Thursday 5 June 2014

Pre Ph.D. Subjects in Biotechnology



Pre Ph.D. Subjects in Biotechnology::

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Paper-I Paper-II  
Set 1 Metabolic Engineering Stem cell Technology  
Set 2 Bioprocess Engineering Downstream processing in Biotechnology    
Set 3 Advanced Immunology and Immunotechnology Cancer Biology and Therapy  
Set 4 Biochemistry and Metabolic Regulation Nano Biotechnology and Nano Devices  
Set 5 Molecular Biology & Virology Bioinformatics

 To select only one set of Paper-I and Paper-II from the above list related to your research




Paper I
METABOLIC ENGINEERING

UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION

Basic concepts of Metabolic Engineering, Overview of cellular metabolism, Different models for cellular reactions, induction , Jacob Monod model and its regulation, Differential regulation by enzymes, Feed back regulation, Feed back repression, Catabolite Repression, optimization and control of metabolic activities. metabolic pathway manipulations to improve fermentation, The modification of existing  or the introduction of entirely new metabolic pathways.

UNIT-II
PRIMARY METABOLITES
Amino acid synthesis pathways and its regulation at enzyme level and whole cell level, Alteration of feed back regulation, Limiting accumulation of end products. Engineering for L-Lysine Production by Corynebacteriumglutamicum Metabolic Engineering of Pentose Metabolism for Ethanol Production

UNIT-III
SECONDARY METABOLITES
Regulation of secondary metabolite pathways, precursor effects, prophase, idiophase relationship, Catabolite regulation by passing control of secondary metabolism, producers of secondary metabolites, applications of secondary metabolites in pharmaceutical industries, food and  agriculture.
UNIT-IV
MATERIAL BALANCES AND DATA CONSISTENCY
Material Balances and Data Consistency: Comprehensive models of cellular reactions; stoichiometry of cellular reactions, reaction rates, dynamic mass balances, yield coefficients and linear rate equations, analysis of over determined systems, identification of gross measurement errors
UNIT-V
 METABOLIC FLUX
Metabolic Flux Analysis: Theory and applications - metabolic flux analysis of citric acid fermentation, Experimental determination method of flux distribution, optimization and control of metabolic flux, Integrating Methodologies of Molecular Breeding and bioprocess systems engineering, Fundamentals of Metabolic control analysis: Control coefficients and the Summation Theorems, Elasticity Coefficients and the Connectivity Theorems, Generalization of MCA Theorems.

TEXT BOOKS:
Wang.D.I.C Cooney C.L., Demain A.L., Dunnil.P. Humphrey A.E. Lilly M.D., Fermentation and Enzyme Technology, 1st edition John Wiley and sons 2000.

Stanbury P.F., and Whitaker A., Principles of Fermentation Technology, 2nded,Butterworth-heinemann, 2003.
REFERENCES :
Yu Matsuoka and Kazuyuki Shimizu 13C-Metabolic Flux Analysis and Metabolic Regulation, Chemical Biology, 1st Ed, Woodhead Publishing 2013.

David T. Dennis, David B. Layzell, Daniel D. Lefebvre, David H. Turpin, Plant Metabolism 2nd edition Prentice Hall College .



























Paper I
BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING
UNIT –I
INTRODUCTION

An overview of traditional and modern applications of biotechnology industry, outline of an integrated bioprocess and the various (upstream and downstream) unit operations involved in bioprocesses, generalized process flow sheets. Characteristic properties of biological fluids, Principles and mechanisms of thermal stabilization by filtration, single and multiple bubbles aeration. On-ideality and RTD in Bioreactors, Analysis of multiple interacting microbial populations.
UNIT –II
MEDIA DESIGN & STERILIZATION

Medium requirements for fermentation processes, Carbon, nitrogen, minerals, vitamins and other complex nutrients, oxygen requirements, medium formulation for optimal growth and product formation, examples of simple and complex media, design and usage of various commercial media for industrial fermentations, surface methodology, response surface methodology, PlackettBurman Designs, Thermal death kinetics of microorganisms, batch and continuous heatsterilization, sterilization of liquid media, filter sterilization of liquid media, Air. Design of sterilization equipment.
UNIT -III

MONITORING OF BIOREACTORS

On and off-line sensors for a modern bioreactor, integrated systems of bioreaction, bioseparation biosensors,Characteristics of bio products; Flocculation and conditioning of broth.

UNIT-IV
RHEOLOGY
Unit operation and process in the Chemical Industry, Fluid statics and Dynamics, Bernoulli’s equation, Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids, materials and energy. Balance on reactive and non-reactive systems, principles of momentum, heat and mass transfer.
UNIT –V
 STABILITY ANALYSIS
Stability analysis; Stability of recombinant cells; Physiology of immobilized cells; Packed-bed reactors; Fluidized-bed bioreactors; Air-lift bioreactors; Bubble-column bioreactors; Immobilized-enzyme bioreactors; Special reactors for animal and plant cells.



TEXTS BOOKS:

M. L Shuler and F. Kargi., Bioprocess Engineering, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall Inc., 2002.

P.M. Doran, Bioprocess Engineering Principles,2nd edition, acadamic press, 2012.

P. B. Kaufman, L. J. Cseke, S. Warler, J. A. Duke, and H. L. Brielmann, Natural Products from Plants, CRC Press LLC, 2002.
REFERENCES:

H. J. Rehm and G. Reed, Biotechnology-A multi- Volume Comprehensive Treatise, 2/e, Vol 6, Wiley-VCH, 2002.

M. Moo-Young, Comprehensive Biotechnology, Vol. 4, 1st edition Pergamon Press, 2001.

F. Dicosmo and M. Missawa, Plant Cell Culture Secondary Metabolism: Towards Industrial Application. CRC LLC, 2004.


Paper I
ADVANCED IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT 1:
IMMUNOLOGY- FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS AND ANATOMY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Components of innate and acquired immunity; Phagocytosis; Complement and Inflammatory responses; Haematopoesis; Organs and cells of the immune system- primary and secondary lymphoid organs; Lymphatic system; Lymphocyte circulation; Lymphocyte homing; Mucosal and Cutaneous associated Lymphoid tissue.(MALT&CALT);

UNIT -II
ANTIGENS AND ADAPTIVEIMMUNITY

Antigens and Immunogens, Factors affecting immunogenicity, Haptens and Adjuvants, B cell maturation, activation and differentiation, B-cell receptor, T-cell maturation, activation and differentiation and T-cell receptors. Major Histocompatibility Complex - MHC genes, Antigen processing and presentation- endogenous, antigens, exogenous antigens, non-peptide bacterial antigens and super-antigens.


UNIT-III
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS
Precipitation, agglutination and complement mediated immune reactions; Advanced immunological techniques - RIA, ELISA, Western blotting, ELISPOT assay, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and immunoelectron microscopy; Surface plasmon resonance, Biosenor assays for assessing ligand –receptor interaction, CMI techniques- lymphoproliferation assay.

 UNIT-IV
VACCINE TECHNOLOGY
properties of adjuvants, recombinant DNA and protein based vaccines, plant-based vaccines, reverse vaccinology; Peptide vaccines, Live,Killed,Attenuated,sub unit vaccines,conjugate vaccines; Antibody genes and antibody engineering, chimeric andhybrid monoclonal antibodies; Catalytic antibodies and generation of immunoglobulin gene libraries.

UNIT-V
CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY:
Immunity to Infection : Bacteria, viral, fungal and parasitic infections (with examples from each group); Hypersensitivity – Type I-IV; Autoimmunity; Types of autoimmune diseases; Mechanism and role of CD4+ T cells; MHC and TCR in autoimmunity; Treatment of autoimmune diseases; Transplantation – Immunological basis of graft rejection; Clinical transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy; Tumor immunology – Tumor antigens; Immune response to tumors and tumor evasion of the immune system, Cancer immunotherapy; Immunodeficiency-Primary immunodeficiencies, Acquired or secondary immunodeficiencies.
TEXT BOOKS:

Peter J. Delves , Seamus J. Martin, Dennis R. Burton, Ivan M. Roitt Essential Immunology, 12 edition , Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Judy Owen , Jenni Punt , Sharon Stranford , Kuby Immunology, 7th Edition, W. H. Freeman, 2013.

Kuby, RA Goldsby, Thomas J. Kindt, Barbara, A. Osborne Immunology, 6thEdition, Freeman, 2002.

Brostoff J, Seaddin JK, Male D, Roitt IM., Clinical Immunology, 6thEdition, Gower Medical Publishing, 2002.

Janeway et al., Immunobiology; 8thedition, Garland Science, 2011.

William E. Paul, Fundamental of Immunology, 7thedition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012.

A. K. Chakravarthy, Immunology&Immunotechnology, 1st edition, Oxford University Press, 2006.

REFERENCES:

Benjamin E and Leskowitz S, ELISA Immunological Techniques, 5thedition, Wiley-Liss, 2003.

Abul Abbas and Lichman , Cellular Molecular Immunology; 1st edition; Saunders, 2011.











Paper I
BIOCHEMISTRY AND METABOLIC REGULATION

UNIT I:
ENZYMES
Nomenclature and classification of enzymes. Factors affecting on enzymes. Enzyme specificity. Enzymes assay. Enzyme inhibition. Applications
UNIT II:
METABOLISM AND REGULATION OF MACROMOLECULES
Carbohydrates- Glycolysis, aerobic and anaerobic fate of pyruvate, Oxidative phosphorylation, Glucoenogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, glycogen metabolism. Nucleic acids- Purine synthesis and catabolism. Pyramidine synthesis and   catabolism. Proteins– Transamination, Deamination, Oxidative deamination, Urea cycle. Aminoacids- Biosynthesis of non-essential aminoacids, catabolism of aminoacids. Lipids- Fatty acid synthesis, β-oxidation of fatty acids
UNIT III:
Photosynthesis
Light reaction and Dark reaction, photosynthesis in plants , bacteria and algae.
UNIT IV:
Transportation in biomembranes, SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
Structure of plasma membranes. Transportation of molecules across plasma membrane. Modes of cell signaling, Types of receptors used for cell signaling, pathway of intracellular signal transduction using secondary messengers, Apoptosis
UNIT V:
PROTEIN TARGETING
Protein synthesis, Cotranslation and post translation of proteins. Protein targeting


TEXT BOOKS
William H. Elliott and Daphne C. Elliott, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 3rd edition Oxford University press 2005.
Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, LubertStryer, Biochemistry,3rdEdition, W H Freeman & Co, 2006.

REFERENCES:
Albert L. Lehninger, Michael M. Cox, David L. Nelson Principles of Biochemistry 5th edition W H Freeman & Co 2008.
J.L. Jain, Sunjay Jain AND Nitin Jain.Fundamentals of Biochemistry 1st edition S. Chand and Company LTD 2007



Paper I
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY
UNIT I:
DNA & RNA:
DNA Structure, Replication and repair. Genes arrangement. Eukaryotic chromosome Structure and replication. Repetitive DNA. CpG islands, Gene amplification.
Different classes of RNA and their functions. RNA synthesis and other post transcriptional modifications.

UNIT II:
REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES:
Protein synthesis and translational modifications. translational controls and inhibitors of polypeptide synthesis
Control of gene expression in prokaryotes. Transcriptional control in Eukaryotes. Regulation at Post-transcriptional lelvel.

UNIT III:
PLASMIDS & TRANSPOSONS:
Types of plasmids, Ecological advantage, applications including as vectors in gene therapy and genetic transformation.
Molecular mechanism of antisense molecules, inhibition of splicing, polyadenylation and translation, disruption of RNA structure and capping.

UNIT IV:
ANTISENSE TECHNOLOGY & RHIBOZYMES
Biochemistry of ribozyrne; hammer- head, hairpin and other ribozymes, strategies for designing ribozymes, Applications and challenges of antisense strategies (antisense oligo nucleotides, ribozyme technologies and RNAi) in gene silencing

UNIT V:
STRUCTURE & REPLICATION OF VIRUSES
Structure and classification of viruses and Replication of bacteriophages.Animal DNA and RNA viruses, Life cycles of viruses, Infectious DNA.

TEXT BOOKS :
“Molecular Biology of the gene” by Waston et al 4th ed.
“Genes VI” by Benjamin Lewis
Biochemistry and Molecular biology, William H. Elliott and Daphne C. Elliott, Third Edition, Indian edition, Oxford University press, 2005.

REFERENCES:
“Genetics” by Ursula Goodenough
“Cytogenetics” by lGarl P. Swanson, Mertz & Young
“General Virology” by Luria & Darnell
“Biochemistry” by Stryer.













Paper II
STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY
UNIT –I
STEM CELLS INTRODUCTION

Definition and basics of stem cells, Classification of stem cells different types of stem cells- Human embryonic stem cells, Adult stem cells. Sources of stem cells - Fetus and various adult tissues – Advantages of stem cells. Blastocyst culture- Various stages of embryonic development. Properties of stem cells - self renewel, clonality and plasticity, Pluripotent nature of stem cells - Extrinsic and Intrinsic factors, Characterization of human embryonic stem cells – Expression of cell surface marker, Karyotyping.

UNIT –II
STEM CELLS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL
Sub cloning and controlled differentiation of human embryonic stem cells, In vitro and in vivo differentiation of human embryonic stem cells, Feeder free culture of human embryonic stem cells, Application of stem cells.
UNIT -III
THERAPEUTIC CLONING STRATEGIES

Derivation and propagation of human embryonic stem cells, Reproductive cloning by SCNT, Use of SCNT, Limitations of cloning – Hurdles to improve the efficiency of therapeutic cloning, Stem cell research and ethics – translational medicine ethics.
UNIT –IV
HAEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS

Basics, Development and Regulation of HSC, Clinical Application of HSC – Gene Therapy – using hematopoietic stem cells HSC for Leukemia, Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) - Differentiation and Identification, Characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells, Clinical applications of stem cells, Stem cells and regenerative medicine, Ips – induced pluripotent stem cells.
UNIT -V
SKELETAL MUSCLE STEM CELLS

Development and functions, Liver stem cells – Organization and functions, Tumor stem cells – Basics differences and Similarities of cancer stem cells and stem cells, Cancer stem cell signaling – NOTCH pathway, wnt signaling pathways in hematopoietic stem cells, Stem cell therapies in animal models, Use and benefits of stem cell for human beings.
TEXT BOOKS:

AriffBongso, EngHin Lee -Stem Cells: From Bench to Bedside, 2nd Edition, World Scientific Publishing Company, 2010.

C S Potten - Stem Cells; 1st edition; Academic Press, 2002.
REFERENCES:

Nagy A, GertensteinM,Vintersten K, Behringer R- Manipulating the Mouse Embryo , 1st edition, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Press, 2003.
Scott F. Gilbert, Susan Singer- Developmental biology, 8 th edition, Sinauer Associates Inc, 2006.

Paper II
DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION TO BIOPRODUCTS:
Regular charecteristics of Biomolecules,Problems and requirements of bioproduct purification. Economics of downstream processing in Biotechnology, cost-cutting strategies, characteristics of biological fluids.
UNIT –II
CELL DISRUPTION METHODS
Various cell disruption methods, need for cell disruption for intracellular products, cell disruption equipment. Applications in bio-processing.
UNIT-III
SOLID- LIQUID SEPARATION
Centrifiguration:Principles of centrifiguration, centrifuge effect, various centrifuges viz; basket centrifuge, tabular centrifuge, disc-bowl centrifuge, scale –up of centrifuges. Extraction methods.
UNIT-IV
CONCENTRATION OF PRODUCTS
Membrane separation processes:Basic principles of membrane separation, membrane characteristics, different types of membranes, criteria for selection of membranes.
UNIT-V
CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION AND ELECTROPHORESIS METHODS
Principles of chromatographic separation methods, different types of chromatographic methods, viz; adsorption chromatography, ion – exchange chromatography, gel chromatography, affinity chromatography etc. Applications  in bio-processing.Principles  of electrophoresis and electrophoresis mobility, ApplicationsDrying: Various types of drying methods, Freeze drying technique and its advantages over other methods. Applications in bio-processing.

TEXT BOOKS
1) Product Recovery in Bioprocess technology, BIOTOL series, Butterworth –Heinemann, 2006
2) Principles of fermentation technology by Peter F Stan bury, Allan Whitaker and Stephen J Hall, Pergamon Publications.2007
3) Comprehensive Biotechnology Vol 2 Ed: M.Moo –young 2003
REFERANCE BOOK:
1.  Principles of Downstream processing, by Ronald &J.Lee, 2nd edition Wiley Publications, 2007

Paper II
CANCER BIOLOGY AND THERAPY

UNIT I:
FUNDAMENTALS OF CANCER BIOLOGY:

Regulation of cell cycle, mutations that cause changes in signal molecules, effects on receptor, signal switches, tumour suppressor genes, modulation of cell cycle in cancer, different forms of cancers, diet and cancer. Cancer screening and early detection, Detection using biochemical assays, tumour markers, molecular tools for early diagnosis of cancer.

UNIT II :
PRINCIPLES OF CARCINOGENESIS:

Theory of carcinogenesis, Chemical carcinogenesis, metabolism of carcinogenesis, principles of physical carcinogenesis, x-ray radiation-mechanisms of radiation carcinogenesis.

UNIT III :
PRINCIPLES OF MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY OF CANCER:

Signal targets and cancer, activation of kinases; Oncogenes,identification of oncogenes, retroviruses and oncogenes, detectionof oncogenes. Oncogenes/proto oncogene activity. Growth factors related to transformation. Telomerases.

UNIT IV :
PRINCIPLES OF CANCER METASTASIS:
Clinical significances of invasion, heterogeneity of metastaticphenotype, metastatic cascade, basement membrane disruption, three step theory of invasion, proteinases and tumour cell invasion.

UNIT V :
NEW MOLECULES FOR CANCER THERAPY :
Different forms of therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, detection of cancers, prediction of aggressiveness of cancer, advances in cancer detection. Use of signal targets towards therapy of cancer; Gene therapy.

TEXT BOOKS:
Maly B.W.J, “Virology A Practical Approach”, IRLlPress,Oxford, 1987.
Lodish et al, Cell and Molecular Biology, 7th edition, W. H. Freeman, 2012.
Margaret Knowles and Peter Selby, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer, 4th edition, Oxford University Press, 2005.
Dunmock N.J And Primrose S.B., “Introduction to ModernVirology”, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988.
REFERENCES

Weinberg, Biology of Cancer, 1st edition, Garland Publication, 2006.

Devita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology.9th edition Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2011.

Paper II
NANO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND NANO DEVICES
UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Nano Biotechnology: Background and Definition of Nano biotechnology-Significance. Supramolecular Chemistry: Definition and examples of main intermolecular forces used in supramolecular chemistry. Self-assembly processes in organic systems. Main supra molecular structures.
UNIT –II

NANOSCALED BIOMOLECULES

Chemical approaches to nano structured materials-Molecular Building Blocks to Nanostructures. Nano scaled Biomolecules-Nucleic Acids and Proteins. Chemical Synthesis of Artificial Nanostructures. Structural Control to Designed Properties and Functions. Molecular nano scale engineered devices.
UNIT-III
NANOFABRICATION

Nanofabrication: Introduction, Basic techniques, MEMS fabrication techniques, nanofabrication techniques-Equipment and processes needed to fabricate nano devices and structures such as bio-chips.
 UNIT-IV
APPLICATIONS OF NANO MATERIALS
Multilayer films, Applications to NEMS, Bio and other applications to Nano devices.
UNIT V:
MEDICAL NANO TECHNOLOGY
Nano technology for Immune system, clinical imaging, nano robots, Nano Fibres for Tissue Engineering.
TEXT BOOKS:
David S. GoodselBionanotechnology: Lessons from Nature 1st edition Wiley Liss2004
VinodLabhasetwar, Diandra L. Leslie-PeleckyBiomedical Applications of Nanotechnology 1st edition Wiley-Interscience 2007.
Introduction to Nano Technology by Charles. P.PooleJr and Frank J. Owens. Wiley India Pvt Ltd.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
Hand book of Nano structured materials Vol I to V
Encyclopaedia of Nano Technology by M.Balakrishnarao and K.Krishna Reddy, Vol I to X Campus books.

Paper II
BIOINFORMATICS
UNIT I :
INTRODUCTION AND  BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOLOGICAL DATABASES :
Introduction to Bioinformatics- History, overview, Applications,Emerging areas of Genomics and Proteomics. Biological databases and their management – Protein Sequence databases, Protein structure databases, DNA databases,  drug databases

UNIT II :
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS AND RNA  STRUCTURES
Nucleotide sequence analysis. DNA Sequence Analysis- Nucleic acid codes, Introduction to whole genome analysis, restriction site checks, Sequence assembly, finding overlaps and contigs, shotgun projects, walking primers, ORF analysis, Identification of transcription signals and other sequence patterns, Restriction enzyme databases, Coding region identification, EST analysis, SNP analysis, RNA Sequence and structure Analysis - Different types of RNA, si-RNA design and development, micro RNA identification strategies, RNA secondary structure, RNA structure Prediction Methods, Introduction to Small nuclear RNAs, Applications of Small nuclear RNADNA/Protein Sequence alignments

UNIT III:
STATISTICAL METHODS IN BIOINFORMATICS:
Dynamic programming methods- derivation and algorithms. Sequence Alignment concepts, Pair-wise alignment, Heuristic alignments, Multiple alignment, Matrices (PAM, BLOSUM) Statistics and Scoring systems

UNIT IV :
STRUCTURE AND MODELING OF PROTEINS:
Protein sequence analysis. Protein Physical properties- Molecular weight and amino acid composition, Iso-electric point, extinction coefft, Studies of protein hydrophobicity on kyte and Doolittle scale and other physico-chemical properties of primary protein sequences. Structural properties- Secondary structures, Hydrophobic patterns, structural motifs, Post translational modifications, Folding domain motifs, protein families. Principles of Protein Structure,Secondary Structure prediction methodologies, Threading methods. Protein Folds, protein domains, Tertiary structure prediction. Homology Modeling of proteins- methodology and applicationsAb initio protein structure prediction Energy minimization - concept, applications and methodologyMolecular Dynamics simulations – concept and methodology


UNIT V:
BIOINFORMATICS APPLICATIONS AND DRUG MODELLING.
QSAR and Drug Designing Concepts, 2D descriptors, 3D descriptors. Drug Discovery: Drug Discovery Overview, Stages of drug discovery, Introduction to drug discovery tools– MoE and Accelyrs suite. Bioinformatics applications in experimental biotechnology. Automatic 2D Gel analysis- Tools, Principles and methodology, Restriction analysis of DNA sequences, InsilicoPrimer Design, Micro-array image and data analysis, Protein Interaction Mapping (Yeast 2 Hybrids)Functional genomics tools, Functional proteomics tools

TEXT BOOKS:
Bioinformatics by Zoe Lacroix and Terence Critchlow, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2003.
Bioinformatics by OrpitaBosu, Oxford University press, 2007.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
Bioinformatics : Genome and sequence analysis by David  W Mount.
Bioinformatics : A practical guide to analysis of genes and proteins by Baxevanis, Andreas D Wiley – Interscience publishers.

CREDIT COURSE

PLANT AND ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNIT I :
INTRODUCTION

Introduction of plant tissue culture and cell suspension culture, physico-chemical conditions for propagation of plant cells and tissues, composition of media, nutrient and hormone requirement, continuous culture, techniques for immobilization of plant cells, continuous product recovery system using immobilized plant cell system.

UNIT - II

DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS

Transfer of nucleic acid to plant cells Direct transformation by electroporation and particle gun bombardment. Agrobacterium, Ti plasmid vector conferring resistance to herbicide, pesticide, plant pathogens Theory and techniques for the development of new genetic traits,. Plant engineering towards development of enriched food products, plant growth regulators, Molecular pharming. biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (e.g. serpentine, shinkonin,) in plants.

UNIT -III
APPLICATION OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS

Metabolic products produced by in vitro culturing of plant cells, selection of plant cells/tissues for the production of a specific product, Culture system in secondary plant product biosynthesis-batch continuous cultures and immobilized plant cells, iotransformation of precursors by cell culturing.
UNIT- IV
ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Scope of Animal Biotechnology, Transgenic animals,Vectors used in development of transgenic animals, transfection mechansisms, Expression of heterologous genes, Gene therapy-prospects andproblems; Knockout mice and mice model for human genetic disorder,Baculo virus in biocontrol, Somatic manipulation of DNA,AnimalBiotechnology for production of regulatory proteins, blood products, vaccines, hormones and other therapeutic proteins.

UNIT-V
ANIMAL CELL CULTURE TECHNOLOGY

Culturing of cells, primary and secondary cell lines, Cell culture-Scaling up of animal cell culture-monolayer culture, suspension culture, Various bio-reactors used for animal cell culture-Roller bottle culture; Bioreactor process control, stirred animal cell culture, Air-lift fermentor, Chemostat/ Turbidostat, High technology vaccines, Hybridoma technology, Cell lines and their applications.


TEXTBOOKS:

C. Chawla, Plant Biotechnology, 1st edition, Oxford and IBH, 2004.

Glick, B.R. and Pasternack, J.J. Molecular Biotechnology, 3rd ed., ASM Press, 2003.

Sandy B. Primrose , Richard M. Twyman , Robert W. Old, Principles of Gene Manipulation, 6th edition, Wiley-Blackewell, 2002.

Freshney R.I. Animal Cell Culture- a practical approach, 6th edition, Wiley-Blackwell 1987.

Watson, J.D., Gilman, M, Witowski J.and Zoller, M, Recombinant DNA, 2nd ed, Scientific American Books, 1983.
Ed. John R.W Masters, Animal Cell Culture - Practical Approach, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2000.

Ed. Martin, Clynes Animal Cell Culture Techniques, 1st edition, Springer, 1998.

Thorpe, T.A, Plant Tissue Culture methods and application in agriculture, 1st edition, Academic Press, 1981.

REFERENCES
Lewin, B. Genes VIII ,1st edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004.

Davis J.M. Basic Cell Culture: A Practical Approach,2nd edition, IRL Press, 1998.

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